In Adams and Miller's wheel, what serves as the base?

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The base is formal education in a university setting. This foundation provides the essential knowledge, research literacy, and critical thinking skills that enable nurses to engage in higher-level scholarly work. With solid educational grounding, a professional can develop theories, apply and evaluate them in practice, and translate findings into publications and professional communication. Education also supports self-regulation by establishing ethical standards, lifelong learning habits, and reflective practice. Without this academic base, the other components—theory development and use, publication and communication, and self-regulation—would lack a solid footing.